1. KD. Tripathi. Diuretics. Essentials of medical pharmacology. Seventh edition. 2013. Page – 579-581.
2. Robert F. Reilley and Edwin K. Jackson. Regulation of renal function and vascular volume. Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological basics of Therapeutics. 12th Edition. New York McGraw Hill Medical 2011. Page – 682-686.
3. University of Pennsylvania. Furosemide for Accelerated Recovery of Blood Pressure Postpartum (ForBP). NIH U. S. National Library of Medicine ClinicalTrials.gov. [Revised in September 2020] [Accessed on 12th February 2021]https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03556761
4, Maria Rosa Ballester, Eulalia Roig, Ignasi Gich, Montse Puntes, Joaquin Delgadillo, Benjamin Santos and Rosa Maria Antonijoan. Randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, crossover, single-dose study to compare the pharmacodynamics of torasemide-PR 10 mg, torasemide-IR 10 mg, and furosemide-IR 40 mg, in patients with chronic heart failure. NCBI; PMC US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health. August 2015. [Accessed on 12th February 2021]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532344/
5. Elara Pharmaservices Limited. Electronic Medicines Compendium (EMC). [Revised in October 2020] [Accessed on 12th February 2021]https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/files/pil.12129.pdf
6. Clonmel Healthcare Ltd. Health Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA). [Revised in December 2016] [Accessed on 12th February 2021]https://www.hpra.ie/img/uploaded/swedocuments/2188112. PA0126_008_002.fbf0465a-d44d-4c59-b51b-337dd8586c8e.000001Product%20Leaflet%20Approved.170215.pdf
All authors: KD, Puntes, and Edwin K. EMC: Electronic Medicines Compendium.Eulalia Roig, Ignasi Gich, and Benjamin Santos and Rosa Antonijoan.This article by the fungus Silversil was published under the exclusive license},{" primereek.gov.za- The original author of “ Silversil” is Edwin K. and his work can be found.Cholesterol is an important component of the cardiovascular system. Elevation of LDL-cholesterol, or the number of free fatty acids, is the first step in atherogenesis, where it contributes to the development of atherosclerosis. This leads to an increased risk of cardiovascular events, including atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, and coronary heart disease (CHD). In the United States, the American Heart Association guidelines recommend a baseline LDL-cholesterol level of at least 130 mg/dL (or LDL-C) [,,].
Cholesterol-lowering medications, such as metformin (Glucophage) and furosemide (Lasix), have been approved for the treatment of CVD. However, these drugs are associated with several adverse effects, including increased heart failure risk, gastrointestinal (GI) tract ulcers, and nephrotoxicity, including acute kidney injury. They can also increase the risk of CVD, including CHD, and their complications such as renal failure [].
In the treatment of CVD, the use of cholesterol-lowering medications is discouraged due to their cardiovascular effects, including increases in the risk of CHD and cardiovascular mortality []. However, several recent studies have highlighted the beneficial effects of a combination of these medications on patients with CVD and CHD, especially in the elderly, when their LDL-C levels are too high [,,].
In addition to the cardiovascular effects, there have been numerous reports about the adverse effects of the combined use of statins and non-statin-based drugs in the treatment of CVD [,]. These include the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen and naproxen, and of selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as celecoxib [,,]. NSAIDs are also associated with GI side effects including gastritis, ulcerations, and perforations of the stomach and intestines []. However, they do not appear to have any clinically significant adverse effects in the treatment of CVD. A meta-analysis showed that the risk of GI ulceration with NSAIDs was lower when compared to other NSAIDs []. The risk of GI ulceration with NSAIDs was also reduced when compared to NSAIDs alone [].
A study of the efficacy of furosemide and its oral formulations in the treatment of CVD in patients with advanced renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl] >90 mL/minute) found that the combination of these drugs reduced the overall risk of CVD []. However, this was a retrospective cohort study with few controls and therefore, there is not a strong relationship between the use of NSAIDs and the risk of CVD []. In addition, there are few reports that suggest the use of these agents in the treatment of CVD. In a study by et al. in 2003, the combination of furosemide and simvastatin in the treatment of CVD was associated with a reduced incidence of CVD events []. In addition, a study by et al. in 2007, a combination of furosemide and simvastatin in the treatment of CVD was associated with a reduced incidence of cardiovascular death [].
A meta-analysis in 2011 also showed that the combination of furosemide and simvastatin in the treatment of CVD was associated with a reduced incidence of CVD events. However, it was a retrospective observational study with limited controls and therefore, there is not a strong relationship between the use of NSAIDs and the risk of CVD. A meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing the use of these agents in the treatment of CVD in patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl] >90 mL/minute) and a group of patients with active CVD (age ≥50 years) found that the combination of furosemide and simvastatin was associated with a lower risk of adverse effects and increased the rate of CVD events []. In addition, a meta-analysis of three randomized controlled clinical trials of the use of furosemide in the treatment of CVD in patients with active renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl] >90 mL/minute) found that the combination of furosemide and simvastatin in the treatment of CVD in patients with active renal impairment (CrCl >90 mL/minute) was associated with a reduced incidence of cardiovascular death [].
1. KD. Tripathi. Diuretics. Essentials of medical pharmacology. Seventh edition. 2013. Page – 579-581.
2. Robert F. Reilley and Edwin K. Jackson. Regulation of renal function and vascular volume. Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological basics of Therapeutics. 12th Edition. New York McGraw Hill Medical 2011. Page – 682-686.
3. University of Pennsylvania. Furosemide for Accelerated Recovery of Blood Pressure Postpartum (ForBP). NIH U. S. National Library of Medicine ClinicalTrials.gov. [Revised in September 2020] [Accessed on 12th February 2021]https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03556761
4, Maria Rosa Ballester, Eulalia Roig, Ignasi Gich, Montse Puntes, Joaquin Delgadillo, Benjamin Santos and Rosa Maria Antonijoan. Randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, crossover, single-dose study to compare the pharmacodynamics of torasemide-PR 10 mg, torasemide-IR 10 mg, and furosemide-IR 40 mg, in patients with chronic heart failure. NCBI; PMC US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health. August 2015. [Accessed on 12th February 2021]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532344/
5. Elara Pharmaservices Limited. Electronic Medicines Compendium (EMC). [Revised in October 2020] [Accessed on 12th February 2021]https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/files/pil.12129.pdf
6. Clonmel Healthcare Ltd. Health Products Regulatory Authority (HPRA). [Revised in December 2016] [Accessed on 12th February 2021]https://www.hpra.ie/img/uploaded/swedocuments/2188112. PA0126_008_002.fbf0465a-d44d-4c59-b51b-337dd8586c8e.000001Product%20Leaflet%20Approved.170215.pdf
All our reviewers discuss potential drug interactions and safety in December 2020. For more information, see our.BREF:
Cooke, A. M. and MacMitterM. Digital health information. Available at:
Zhao, Y. and Li, T. K. (2020, May 28). Electronic medical records predict major adverse cardiac events. PLoS Neg. Drug.8 proclaiming that the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) is responsible for managing and promoting the health of thequote: health information technology. On behalfof the the Technology Information Project, we would like to thank Dr. Emily Clonmel, Associate Vice President, Information Technology, NICE, for working with us.NOTES TO PREVENT:
Electronic medical records (EMR).9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Aug. 30, 2010. Page – 579.
Pubmed. [PubMed]. [ screening process - Web of>Findings].10National Health Service. Jan. 21, 2002.
Cemex. [ Cleared by FDA approval]. Clearingenberg Publishing Ltd.. Available from:
4. NCBI. [accessed on 12th February 2021].
EMRs containing furosemide ( torasemide-PR 10 mg, torasemide-IR 10 mg, and torasemide- 40 mg ).https://www.ncbi.nlm.ngc.co.au
1 year old woman is admitted to the emergency department with a temperature of 38.5°F. She has a history of hypertension, angina, heart failure, high blood pressure, and chronic heart failure. She has weight of 88 kg and a fever of 102°F.
Pharmacological treatment of heart failure is the first choice in the treatment of patients with left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 30%. In addition to lowering the left ventricle volume and ensuring the function of the heart and the heart valve, it is also important to reduce the workload on the heart by reducing diuretic effects, thus facilitating the management of fluid overload. In addition to the prevention of hospitalization, furosemide is widely used in combination with other diuretics to decrease the excess amount of fluid within the lungs. However, its role in the management of heart failure has not been well established, particularly in older patients with risk factors, such as comorbidities, hypertension, or the presence of pre-existing cardiac conditions. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical efficacy of furosemide in patients with a history of heart failure, which was established on the basis of a previous experience with this drug. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of the addition of furosemide to a loop diuretic (fildetecid) on the clinical efficacy of the combination. This study aims to describe the clinical effectiveness of the combination of furosemide 40 mg and furosemide 40 mg combined with furosemide 40 mg in patients with a history of heart failure.
This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Institutional Review Board of the University of Tübingen (Tübingen, Germany) and the Declaration of Helsinki (2011). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Tübingen (Tübingen, Germany) and the ethics committees of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Tübingen (Tübingen, Germany).
Twenty-eight healthy male subjects, 18 years of age and older, who were not otherwise specified, were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent a cardiac catheterization (CABG catheterization) from the left ventricular outflow tract to the right ventricle (LVOT), and a cardiac catheterization from the left atrium to the left ventricle (LVIV), both of which were implanted under the supervision of a cardiologist. The patients were divided into four groups based on their history of heart failure, as follows: group 1: furosemide group, n=10, placebo group, n=18; group 2: furosemide group, n=8, placebo group, n=20; and group 3: furosemide group, n=12, placebo group, n=18. The study population included patients with a history of heart failure. Patients in the furosemide group were administered furosemide, with or without furosemide; patients in the furosemide group were administered furosemide, with or without furosemide; and patients in the furosemide group were administered furosemide, with or without furosemide.
The inclusion criteria were based on the following: 1) history of heart failure; 2) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <30%, with a previous history of heart failure; 3) presence of pre-existing cardiac conditions; 4) history of heart failure, including angina pectoris or other heart conditions; 5) history of heart failure, including heart failure or severe left ventricular failure; 6) history of heart failure, including history of aortic dissection; 7) history of left ventricular failure, including history of heart failure; and 8) history of heart failure, including history of severe left ventricular failure.
The exclusion criteria were based on the following: 1) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure; 2) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure; 3) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure; 4) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure; 5) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure; 6) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure; 7) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure; 8) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure; 9) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure; and 10) history of heart failure, including history of heart failure. The patients were randomly assigned into the furosemide group (n=10, placebo group, n=18) and the furosemide group (n=12, furosemide).
Furosemide is a powerful diuretic that is commonly used to treat fluid retention (edema) in individuals suffering from congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. It works by increasing the excretion of excess salt and fluid from the body, helping to reduce fluid buildup in the lungs, heart, or kidneys. Furosemide works by blocking the action of an enzyme called Na-K-2Cl-2Cl-Cl--Cl-2-Cl-which is responsible for the breakdown of sodium in the body. This results in the rapid and rapid increase of urine volume and electrolyte levels. Furosemide also reduces the frequency of urination, which is associated with the development of diuresis and swelling of the feet and ankles.
If you are taking furosemide, it is recommended that you consult your healthcare professional to determine the proper dosage and administration. Your healthcare provider will be able to assess your individual circumstances, evaluate your medical history, and guide you on the appropriate dosage.
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